Finite Element Analysis for Various Conditions - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFinite Element Analysis for Various Driving Conditions. Answer: Introduction Transportation is a key sector that requires careful consideration while choosing the materials, items, machines and platforms to use. All modes of transport ranging from road, water, air and railway has to follow certain regulations to ensure efficiency in its operation. Each form also has its benefits and challenges that help a user to selecting the type of transport to use while dealing with particular goods. Air is the fastest mode of transport but the problem is that it has a low carrying capacity and fatal accidents as well. Water carries the heaviest loads over long distances with little limitation although it is slow and the accidents can be fatal depending on the location and extents of damage (Hughes, 2012). Railway is advantageous in carrying of bulk but then faces the problem of fatal accidents and low speed. Road transport is finally the most used by people around the world as it allows for the transportation of people and goods over short distances. The form of transportation is affordable to most users and is recognized as the most famous as compared to air and train. The limitations of using road as a medium of transport is that one cannot go for a very long distance and the load carried is limited as well. Roads have certain regulations that require limitation of load weight to reduce the number of accidents caused by heavy trucks. The pavements or paths used by vehicles are constructed in such a way that they follow certain design rules that only allow up to certain weights of loads in transit(Wang, Hao, Al-Qadi, 2009). The road rules and regulations in the Australian transport system ensure that trucks observe a certain minimum weight to match with the standards of the pavement design. Problem Statement Many sectors of the economy require the use of trucks in transportation of selected goods from one location to another. Some industries like agriculture, manufacturing and processing utilize the use of lorries to ensure that they can easily and efficiently move items over short and long distances (Chae, 2006). These industries regularly transport their goods to different areas and it is therefore important to carefully observe the key road regulations that aim at the maintenance of a secure environment at all times. Since the same road is also used by private cars, the heavy vehicles are required to ensure that their loads do not inconvenience other users by maintain a weight limit (Crisfield, Remmers, Verhoosel, 2012). There has been a lot of complains on the roads that petrol tankers, lorries carrying heavy products like tree logs, farm products and maybe metallic items are the leading causes of accidents. Some of them carry past their limit capacity and end up being unstable on t he roads and hence causing accidents. They are also connected to traffic jams as some move at a slower speed that it is expected in selected highways. Trucks are designed in such a way that there is a limitation of the weight that can be transported using that specific machine. There are different types of trucks ranging with size and the number of Axles supporting them. Depending on the axle load, a certain vehicle has its wheels supported in such a way that it can only carry specified loads for stability reasons. The design processes of the trucks in comparison to that of the roads is equally similar as they both consider security and durability. All vehicles as long as they carry to their required weights can be sustained by a certain road pavement (Chae, 2006). Road design ensures the use of strong materials like concrete and cement to ensure for a long lasting and safe final result. Since a road is used by all kinds of vehicles carrying different luggage, then the design aims at durability and safety first before coming to the standard. The infinite element of the truck loads on the roads involves the prediction or testing of a product to look at its physical elements in relations to performance. Infinite analysis considers whether the product will perform its desired function, maintain the particular challenges or break due to factors of force, heat, vibrations and workforce (Dhillon, 2013). Roads are designed in such a way to maintain operations for the longest period of time without submerging to factors of the vehicles operating on them. The concrete pavements follow the ethics and regulations of the modern engineering and architecture activities. These activities should be authorized by the legal environment in the design and sketching stage to allow its implementation on the ground. The trucks are also designed putting into consideration the weight of the load as well as the impact of the resulting vehicles on the roads. (Crisfield, Remmers, Verhoosel, 2012). Weight limitation differs in different countries b ut usually follows through similar procedures of ensuring that the trucks do not damage their passageways due to overloading. The study therefore seeks to examine the impact of trucks on pavements or roads designed to the highest standards according to the modern architecture. The different damages that occur on the roads are due to a poorly designed path or a truck exceeding its carrying capacity in consideration to the strength of the pavements. Some paths prevent the passage of trucks exceeding the maximum weight to protect the durability and functionality (Kumar, Rao, 2017). The prediction of truck axles under different driving conditions is therefore a way to establish road performance even when used by those heavy trucks. The study looks at the different processes used to determine a standard road that can be used by particular trucks and the limitations on weight enforced on trucks. Literature Review A concrete design process puts all the necessary factors into consideration to ensure that the final product can serve its purpose with less or no complications. Some designs are less risky while others are more complicated as there is a lot at stake. For example, one cannot compare the design of a phone to that of a car. Although both should be appropriately done to satisfy the users, the car design will have a lot of negative impacts when poorly done. It will not only cause the dissatisfaction of the users but also be a threat to peoples lives and lead to damage of the roads. There are procedures involved in a serious design process right from the idea proposal, to the sketching, then the planning and later implementation of the sketched ides. The issue of infinite element of load trucks on the roads has had many authors writing about the particular issue. There are many limitations when it comes to the amounts of loads that specific trucks should carry in order to qualify using a certain route (Sharma et al, 2015). Most people see those posters allowing only heavy trucks or preventing them from entrance but never understand the reason. Different authors have discussed the issue in a classified manner to give the details concerning design, weight limitations, and the relation of these two factors towards road safety. According to Chandraiah, (2016), road design has taken a new route which ensure for classified considerations in the choice of materials and ways of incorporations. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) is the advanced method of design and the selection of pavement materials. The most important factor in the road design is the methodology used starting from the choice of materials to the implementation of the final output. MEPDG differs from the other traditional mechanical processes in that it priotizes on technological use in all the aspects of design. Instead of manual labor while implementing on a project, the method utilizes modern utilities (Zheng, Wang, Li, 2017). There are materials considered to make a great impact and durable structures in the construction of strong pavements. The modern and more advanced methodology is in one way or the other more standardized as it follows worlds most recognized designs. The resources used in this case require less work as they have already been made to the final form. Unlike traditional methods whereby equipment was used in their natural forms hence making them more involving, the MEP DG ensures that supplies are refined and easy to use. The performance prediction and finite elements of the pavements are determined by a process called transfer functions. Roads are therefore constructed with more emphasis on the materials used and in any case the viscous-elastic materials are usually a catch for the design process. The comparison between MEPDG procedures and the finite analyses ensures that the vehicles used on the roads meet the specifications of the road safety (Al-Qadi et al, 2008). Designers use the multi-layered theory to analyze the condition of the pavements and paving materials. The most crucial factor is to first of all determine the durability and damaging factors of the materials used. In a much controlled environment, paving materials seem like a small issue but the nature and quality of these is usually key. The design procedure might be done effectively but if it made use of poor materials then the performance might be ineffective. The MEPDG process is highly depended on particular factors that are meant to determine the reliability of the designed product. These factors are traffic, environmental factors, material characterization, distress and pavement responses. The environmental or weather conditions affect the way materials respond. Depending on the direction of the environmental influences, the pavements might end up being the cause of traffic which then affects the way they handle weather conditions or rather the way a pavement can handle different conditions (Kumar, Rao, 2017). Distress might involve breaking down and damage of the pavements that come as a result of the road activities. The MEPDG process follows and has impacts as shown below in the figure. Environmental forces: these determine the ability of the pavements to survive through different weather conditions and still manage to maintain their forms. Through the use of the Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model (EICM), the MEPDG puts into consideration all the factors of weather in relation to construction. They choose materials that can survive through and install them in such a way that it allows for the proper functioning of the pavements during the extreme weather conditions (Pruez, 2013). Some of the aspects put into consideration include proper drainage and maintenance of the ground water level. Traffic Inputs: The MEPDG is observant in the design of traffic effective systems. The great determinant is the axle loads and their ability to manage a journey that requires only a few limitations on smooth flow of traffic. Some of these considerations are vehicle speed, truck loads, tire inflammation and other characteristics (Rao, 2016). Material inputs: The most important aspect is the selected materials in the MEPDG design process as it determines the output of the pavements made. These materials must put into consideration the durability and ability to handle different weather conditions. Truck Axle load and weight limitation As described above using the MEPDG methodology, the design process follows certain procedures and puts into consideration different aspects to ensure proper finite element analysis. The only way to ensure the durability of the pavements is to inspect the nature of the vehicles operating on these roads. Most of the times roads are effectively designed due to the strict code of conduct for the engineering and architecture fields (Castellanos, 2009). The designers in this case are expected to use the appropriate design processes and materials so as to achieve the desired results. The roads get the most consideration of climate, traffic and ability to resist damage in the extreme conditions of pressure and heat. Truck load axle should not exceed various limitations to ensure that their activities preserve road structures and ensures for a durable service. Different countries have different limitations concerning the amount of weights that are expected on a single truck (Pruez et al, 2007 ). To maintain the highest level of efficiency on the roads for the longest time possible, it is important to ensure that the vehicles are well managed. Most individuals and companies overload their trucks for the main purpose of transporting many products at once. They end up exceeding the required weight for truck loads and continuous violation of these regulations leads to road damage (Chandraiah, 2016). Axle load on trucks refers to the total weight supported by the wheels of a vehicle. Depending on the size of truck, the number of wheels connected to a certain vehicle determines the type of weight it can carry at a particular time (Chabot et al, 2010). Roads are constructed to hold all types of vehicles but since they occupy at the same time, then it is only fair to impose certain regulations that control weights. The trucks should limit their loads per journey so to protect both the vehicle and the roads as well. According to the Australian law, a single axle truck should not exceed 20, 000 pounds in the weight on transit. The different vehicles have different carrying capacities but the maximum limitation must apply to all vehicles (Wenchao, Ying, Jun, 2013). The design of the vehicles is done in such a way that the load capacity set aside should be followed. In cases, companies and individuals tend to exceed the limit set for a particular lorry or truck and this leads to damage of the different parts of the vehicle. The axle and engine gets the post pressure since most of the weight and heat is exerted here (Sharma et al, 2015). The tire companies should ensure that their products can support specific loads depending on the number of axles in a single truck. Most trucks are designed in such a manner that they have many wheels consisting of the front and back axle. The connection between these two axles determines its way of handling a certain load. The weight of the truck even without the loads is enough to damage a poorly designed path. However, when the truck is loaded, it needs to maintain the limit weight to ensure the protection of the road ways. AXLE WEIGHT Unit Maximum Single Axle 20,000 pounds Axle group less than 8'-6" 34,000 pounds Axle group more than 8'-6" 40,000 pounds wagon axle load 26 tones locomotive axle load 20t Trucks are therefore designed to carry specific loads depending on the number and nature of axles involved in the specific vehicle. It is estimated that most of the transport activities are in one way or the other related to the durability of the roads. The design of the pavements alone cannot determine the extent of the damage (Kumar Sabarish, 2014). The vehicles using these pathways and their weights are what determine level of durability and the finite element of the pavements. Scope of the Proposed Work The project examines the different aspects of axle truck conditions and their limited aspects under various driving conditions. It is appropriate to explore the issue of truckloads and the influence they have on the roads and durability of the pavements as well as the vehicles themselves. Some of the questions that need to be answered by this project include: What are the limitations enforced by the Australian government concerning the issue of axle truckloads? What are the infinite elements of truckloads under different driving conditions? What is the process of pavement design in connection to the modern engineering? What is the relation between the truckload weights and the maintenance of the road networks? Answering of the above stated questions will fulfill the aim of the this study as they are the main focus of the research activity. This particular report is of the Australian design for both their vehicles and roads. Engineering, in this case, is considered to be considerate of the outcome and the application of the product on the ground. When a vehicle is designed, the most consideration is given to the applicability of the product on the road (Dhillon, 2013). The engineers must ask themselves some questions like, what is the stability of the vehicle, how will it survive in the streets, what will be its impact on the constructed pavements. If all these questions seem to have an issue coming up with the answer, then it is clear that there are some aspects that require careful contemplations. The research emphasizes on the methods used to design pavements and the issues that should be put into consideration to ensure that the design process is a success regardless of all the challenges that face transportation. Most of the problems connected to truckload axles in connection with the driving conditions include traffic, weather, materials used and the ability of the road to enduring all-natural factor that might arise. Another issue that seems to be of importance is the truck weight limitations imposed on the Australian transportation department (Chae, 2006). Most of these restrictions are enforced to ensure that there is an agreement between the government and the public. Safety is also another issue that emphasized on while dealing with the research as all the elements of finite analysis come down to road safety. Proposed Approach The study has come up with different methodologies to handle the issue concerning the finite analysis of the axle loads. The best approaches that provide the most detailed data are the scientific and analytical methods that analyze all the forces affecting the field. The studys primary objective is to come up with data and information that critically looks into the subject matter from all perspectives (Kim Ban, 2010). Other researchers have used different methods to analyze similar or related cases and faced various challenges or triumphs. The research was therefore informed on the issue of methodologies used. Analytical Methods Analytical methods involve the collection of data from different sources and then analyzing the information to come up with the conclusions. The best way of handling this case study is looking back to what other authors have done concerning the research and then developing findings from it. According to Sharma, (2015), truck weight limitations are done through a continuous process and agreement between different groups of individuals (Ihlenburg, 2006). The convention brings together the transport service, civil engineering and various companies. The information that each of these parties is required to give or even receive depends on their role in the agreements. Data from the different departments show that the only way to achieve a fruitful association is by involving all the parties responsible (Liu, Wang, Oeser, 2017). One way of providing that there are fewer inconveniences is coming up with strategies that benefit all the individuals instead of focusing on just one department (Crisfield, Remmers, Verhoosel, 2012). The weight limits of for example 20,000 pounds on a single axle shows that there should be ways of measuring the weights to determine those who have exceeded the limits. Scientific Methods Scientific methods are also used in the study to determine the processes involved in the design of the vehicles and the pavements for the purpose of a strict operation. The research team had to talk directly to the specific engineers and contractors who gave an explanation about various technical processes. According to these professionals, the scientific approaches look at the design and functionality of a product from the initial stages until completion. Roads and vehicle plan must focus on elements predicted to bring challenges in the functionality of the item later on in the future (Kwasniewski, Wekezer, Malachowski, 2006). The following design processes are necessary in the technical aspects that determine finite elements of truck axles on the pavements. AASHTO design guide is used in the design of the pathways that look out for the ability of the roads to survive different weather conditions. The design process is under the MEPDG whose primary purpose is to come up with the most functional structures that have put into considerations the traffic, durability, materials, and climate (Hughes, 2012). The Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model (EICM) is also another scientific and engineering procedure that usually applies in the cases of designing durable and weather reliable pavements. The above processes, i.e, AASHTO and EICM consider making a final product that will be resistant to nature and climatic changes. Since the vehicles and roads are exposed to the environment, it is only appropriate to install features that reduce the damaging effects of weather. If natural forces are regulated, then the finite elements of the truck loads become more effective (Gonzlez et al, 2008). Heavy vehicles are able to survive weather changes without damage of material and inability of certain parts to perform their functions. These procedures come up with designs that enable both the pavements and the trucks to effectively perform their functions. The scientific approach usually focuses on getting data connected to the engineering and the design of the different aspects of the transportation systems (Topac, Gnal Kuralay, 2009). The vehicles are in one way or the other valuable in the maintenance of the roads leaving alone the natural causes and disasters. The best way to ensure that pavement is secure and reliable to be used by particular trucks is to follow through its design and implementation. There are ways that the roads can be constructed and lead to fractures as well as damage of property and lives (Ainsworth Oden, 2011). It is therefore essential to relate the design of the streets to that of the vehicles. Both models should be able to give the finite element of operation and reliability in the long run. Timeline and Resources The following are the resources as well as the timeline of the study. Resources Availability Researchers, data collectors Available Transportation One vehicle is enough Reading materials Library books and journals, e-books Communication strategies Available proper network connections Engineers or contractors Available on the sites to explain the different issues Timeline The study should take approximately two weeks to ensure that all aspects of the project are covered. Activity Time Preliminaries and preparation of study 1 day Formulation of objectives and goals of study 1 day Different site visits 3days Interviews with engineers and contractors 2 days Collection of data from other sources like the written materials 1 day Analyzing of data 2 days Presentation of the conclusions to the board 1 day References Ainsworth, M., Oden, J. T. (2011). A posteriori error estimation in finite element analysis (Vol. 37). John Wiley Sons. Al-Qadi, I., Wang, H., Yoo, P., Dessouky, S. (2008). 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